# How to Write .NET Benchmarks with BenchmarkDotNet: A Complete Guide

> Learn to write .NET benchmarks using BenchmarkDotNet with this complete guide. Master JIT warm-up, statistical measurement, and result export with dotnet/skills.

- Repository: [.NET Platform/skills](https://github.com/dotnet/skills)
- Tags: tutorial
- Published: 2026-07-06

---

**You write .NET benchmarks using BenchmarkDotNet (BDN), a specialized library that handles JIT warm-up, statistical measurement, and result export, with comprehensive reference documentation located in the `dotnet/skills` repository under the `dotnet-diag` skill.**

The `dotnet/skills` repository provides authoritative guidance on authoring reliable micro-benchmarks through its dedicated **dotnet-diag** skill. This skill ships production-ready reference implementations that cover the entire benchmark lifecycle, from project scaffolding to advanced configuration tuning.

## Setting Up a Benchmark Project

According to [`plugins/dotnet-diag/skills/microbenchmarking/references/project-setup-and-running.md`](https://github.com/dotnet/skills/blob/main/plugins/dotnet-diag/skills/microbenchmarking/references/project-setup-and-running.md), every benchmark starts as a standard console application. You do not specify a version when adding the BenchmarkDotNet package, ensuring the latest compatible build resolves automatically.

```bash
dotnet new console -n MyBenchmarks
cd MyBenchmarks
dotnet add package BenchmarkDotNet

```

This approach avoids pinning to outdated runtime versions and guarantees access to the latest CLI flags and engine improvements.

## Declaring Benchmark Methods

The [`writing-benchmarks.md`](https://github.com/dotnet/skills/blob/main/writing-benchmarks.md) file in the repository defines the core attributes for benchmark declaration. BDN discovers only **public instance methods** marked with `[Benchmark]`.

### Basic Benchmark Attributes

Use `[Benchmark]` to mark methods for measurement. Add `[Benchmark(Baseline = true)]` to establish a reference point for comparative reports.

```csharp
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;

public class Md5VsSha256
{
    private byte[] _data;

    [GlobalSetup]
    public void Setup() => _data = new byte[1024];

    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
    public byte[] Sha256() => System.Security.Cryptography.SHA256.HashData(_data);

    [Benchmark]
    public byte[] Md5() => System.Security.Cryptography.MD5.HashData(_data);
}

```

### Parameterization and Data Sources

For data-driven benchmarks, apply `[Params]` for inline values or `[ParamsSource]` for dynamic data. The engine creates a distinct benchmark case for each parameter permutation.

```csharp
[MemoryDiagnoser]
public class StringBuilderBenchmarks
{
    [Params(10, 100, 1_000)]
    public int N;

    private string[] _values;

    [GlobalSetup]
    public void Setup() => _values = Enumerable.Range(0, N).Select(i => i.ToString()).ToArray();

    [Benchmark]
    public string Concatenate()
    {
        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
        foreach (var v in _values) sb.Append(v);
        return sb.ToString();
    }
}

```

Use `[GlobalSetup]` and `[GlobalCleanup]` for one-time initialization and teardown that runs outside the measurement loop.

## Choosing the Right Entry Point

The repository emphasizes two entry points, with **BenchmarkSwitcher** as the recommended default.

### BenchmarkSwitcher (Recommended)

`BenchmarkSwitcher.FromAssembly()` parses CLI arguments and presents an interactive menu. When automating benchmarks (including AI-driven workflows), you must pass `--filter` to run non-interactively.

```csharp
using BenchmarkDotNet.Running;

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args) =>
        BenchmarkSwitcher.FromAssembly(typeof(Program).Assembly).Run(args);
}

```

### BenchmarkRunner

`BenchmarkRunner.Run<T>()` executes a single benchmark class directly. **Critical limitation:** CLI flags like `--filter` or `--runtimes` are silently ignored unless you explicitly pass `args` to the method.

```csharp
// CLI flags will NOT work here
BenchmarkRunner.Run<Md5VsSha256>();

// CLI flags WILL work here
BenchmarkRunner.Run<Md5VsSha256>(args);

```

## Configuring Benchmark Runs

BDN supports both attribute-based configuration and programmatic configuration via `ManualConfig`. As documented in [`bdn-internals-and-tuning.md`](https://github.com/dotnet/skills/blob/main/bdn-internals-and-tuning.md), you can customize job settings, exporters, and column formatting.

```csharp
using BenchmarkDotNet.Configs;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Exporters;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Columns;

public class CustomConfig : ManualConfig
{
    public CustomConfig()
    {
        AddJob(Job.Default
            .WithWarmupCount(5)
            .WithIterationCount(10));
        AddExporter(MarkdownExporter.GitHub);
        AddColumn(StatisticColumn.Mean);
        AddColumn(StatisticColumn.StdDev);
    }
}

// Usage with BenchmarkSwitcher
BenchmarkSwitcher.FromAssembly(typeof(Program).Assembly).Run(args, new CustomConfig());

```

### Essential CLI Arguments

When running benchmarks, use these flags to control execution:

- `--filter "*"`: Runs all benchmarks (required for non-interactive mode with BenchmarkSwitcher)
- `--noOverwrite`: Prevents overwriting previous results by creating timestamped subdirectories
- `--artifacts <path>`: Specifies a custom output directory instead of `BenchmarkDotNet.Artifacts/`

```bash
dotnet run -c Release --filter "*" --noOverwrite

```

## Understanding Results and Artifacts

By default, BenchmarkDotNet writes results to `BenchmarkDotNet.Artifacts/<timestamp>/`. The engine produces multiple formats simultaneously:

- **Markdown report**: Human-readable tables with Mean, Error, and Ratio columns
- **CSV report**: Machine-readable!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!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